![]() That software is shareware, but its free components worked enough to let me copy out the contents of the FCD file. I spent about 45 minutes researching online before I found IsoBuster. But then, I had to try to get the contents out of it. I then had to scrounge around for the old. I know those are basically ISO files and can just loop-mount them. VCD file (from my Virtual Drive Manager days on a non-free OS). Now you should have “Broderbund Software” group in Program Manager and the Zoombinis launcher inside it!įirst of all, I had to find my old. I installed QuickTime as well, although I don’t know what its omission would do. Use File Manager to navigate to where we injected the install files. Now you can run Windows 3.1 with sound and an 800×600 display! WINDOWS\WIN.COM Install Zoombinis You might need to point it to the “C:\DRIVERS\S3” folder once more. The SETUP utility will then return to the full list of system information, and you can select “Accept the configuration shown above.” I picked the 800×600 64K color with small fonts (as opposed to large-print fonts). I am uncertain if Windows 3.1 has the ability to change the display resolution, so just pick your preferred screen resolution here. Type in the directory where the video drivers are, e.g. ![]() Scroll all the way to the bottom of the list and select “Other (requires disk…)” Select the DISPLAY option and press enter. In DOSBox, run the Windows SETUP.EXE utility. Now it is time to install the video drivers. When that finishes, you can either reboot or stay on the current session. If it prompts you about replacing a file, feel free. Navigate with the arrow keys down to the Windows 3.1 path and enter in the “C:\Windows” value.Ĭhange the Interrupt setting to the DOSBOX default of 7, as seen in this screenshot (unless you modified it in the nf). In DOSBox, cd to DRIVERS\SB and run the INSTALL utility. DOSBox emulates the SoundBlaster and S3 video hardware, so we just apply those drivers for Windows 3.1, and then audio will work and higher graphics settings too. Zoombinis will warn you about sound and video settings, so the driver we loaded earlier should cover this. You can select “Y” to do so, and then go into the Control Panel, “386 Enhanced,” Virtual Memory button, and save the information that is present. It might prompt you about deleting a corrupt swap file. Prepare a batch file for mounting the right drives in the emulated environment. Mkdir -p ~/win31/drivers/S3 cd ~/win31/drivers/S3 & 7z x ~/Downloads/s3drivers.zip Mkdir -p ~/win31/drivers/SB cd ~/win31/drivers/SB & 7z x ~/Downloads/SB16W3x.zip Mkdir -p ~/win31/zoominst cd ~/win31/zoominst & 7z x ~/Downloads/Logical\ Journey\ of\ the\ Zoombinis.iso mkdir -p ~/win31 cd ~/win31 7z x ~/Downloads/Windows\ 3.1.vhd Also extract into sub-folders the Zoombinis disc contents, the sound drivers that DOSBox emulates, and the emulated video drivers. sudo dnf install dosboxĮxtract the Windows 3.1 VHD file (which I had from my old MSDN AA days). Install DOSBox, which is probably in the main package manager on your GNU/Linux platform. We are going to install Windows 3.1 in DOSBox, install drivers, and then install the game. The Zoombinis game was published in 1996, and it supports Windows 3.1 and Windows 95. Here is the optimal route for making it work. I decided to try to install it on my Devuan ceres laptop. It was fun, and apparently I learned a lot. The game Logical Journey of the Zoombinis was an amazing game when I was young. Gamespot walkthrough for Beyond the Titanic.gitlab: beyond-the-titanic/History/History.txt.The icon I used for my project is linkware, so by linking to the author’s requested page at, I can use the icon. Loading the fpc-version savegames into the DOS version of the game caused some funny and tragic endings where the monster killed me while I was standing on the deck of the Titanic. I did observe the savegame files are not compatible between builds. The game has an interesting quirk in that it really, really depends on having a terminal with size 80×24 and not anything else.Īnd of course, my Fedora COPR was having trouble building the package, but I promise you the rpm spec works on Fedora 28 (reference 4) and the dpkg spec works on Devuan 2.0 beowulf/ceres.Īlthough you could of course just run the BEYOND.COM version in Dosbox. An enterprising individual (not this author) modified it and made it possible to build with the Free Pascal Compiler (probably known as fpc in your distro packages). In 2009 its source code was released under the GPL (reference 2). ![]() It was a shareware game for MS-DOS, in the genre of text adventure (now known as interactive fiction). One game I played in the past was Beyond the Titanic.
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The macOS app now costs 29.99, whereas it previously sold for one-third of that price. After over two million downloads on iOS, Mac, and Android, Information Architects is now bringing their. iA Writers prices have steadily increased over the years. MindForger key features include the following: Refactoring. Of course, you can also use it to write documentation, as it comes with full Markdown support. This can help technical writers arrange knowledge to help them write better documentation. If you don't see the AI-generated answer you're expecting, select the ‘Chat’ tab to see the Bing chat response. MindForger is an open-source markdown editor for note-taking. As the app is updated, one of the folders moved to the trash will be recreated in /var/folders. Launch the App Store and pull the update the app. The new Bing may provide AI-powered answers directly on the search results page. Move all subfolders to the trash, but do not empty. The SDK is usually available for download át Scown will be offering the fresh SDK and responding to developer queries at altWWDC on June 13, 2013, at 11 a.m. iA Writer for Windows - Read online for free. This allows you to clarify past questions and get more information without starting over. As designers revise their apps with the new SDK, the brand-new features will end up being obtainable in those apps simply because well. A total list is obtainable at fresh SDK provides been launched to support fill-in snippéts and formatted text, along with the various other new functions in TextExpander contact 2.0. Among the ápps that have incorporated TextExpander touch are usually OmniFocus, Stuff, iA Writer, DayOne, Drafts, Byword, Notesy, Components, and WriteRoom. Download the latest version of WPS Office and open your Word or PDF document. Thanks to Working Copy’s support for versions and file restore, I can tap the ‘sync’ icon at the top of the iA Writer synced directory and view all versions of. Next-level writing WPS AI is my personal writing coach. The brand-new version also features enhancement to Dropbox sync and numerous bug repairs.Over 150 apps possess currently integrated TextExpander touch support, therefore that customers can broaden their TextExpander snippets while typing within these ápps. For instance, if Ryan edits a draft I pushed to GitHub, syncing his changes back to my devices will make the edited file appear as a new version of the original file in iA Writer. ![]() “With fill-in snippets now in TextExpander touch, they'll be capable to take pleasure in the time-saving benefits of these snippéts on their iPhonés and iPads too.”TextExpander contact 2.0 furthermore facilitates formatted text message snippets, allowing customers to add text format to their snippéts and to make use of formatted snippets they've already made on the Macintosh. ![]() Design a custom Pedalboard from a collection of delay, distortion, and modulation stompboxes Build your own guitar or bass rig with Amp Designer using vintage and modern amps, cabinets, and mics Get the perfect mix with a collection of vintage and modern EQs, dynamics, and other mixing tools Add movement to your tracks with a variety of modulation effects ![]() Use a range of multi-tap, vintage tape, and stereo delays Play your sounds through a variety of realistic acoustic spaces or creative synthesized reverbs ![]() Perform a part and conform notes to a specific scale using Transposer Play a single note to trigger predefined chords with Chord Trigger Instantly turn a simple chord into a rich performance with the Arpeggiator Transform simple ideas into elaborate performances using nine MIDI plug-ins Perform electronic beats with the Ultrabeat drum machine Play deeply sampled, professionally mixed, and fully customizable drum kits provided by Drum Kit Designer Perform inspired sounds using a collection of synths that provide analog, wavetable, FM, additive, granular, spectral, and modeling synthesis Play faithful models of vintage keyboards with Vintage B3, Vintage Electric Piano, and Vintage Clav Play classic ’70s- and ’80s-style synthesizer sounds using Retro Synth Quickly find sounds or create unique new ones with Alchemy, the ultimate sample manipulation synthesizer Turn your favorite hardware synthesizers into sampled instruments using the Auto Sampler plug-in Play or create a wide variety of rich sampled instruments with Sampler and Quick Sampler Easily view your Mac screen from a distance using a high-contrast, full-screen performance view Smart Controls offer dynamic performance controls that change with each Patch Screen controls adapt for each Patch using Smart Controls See only what you need during your performance using a customizable, full-screen live interface Manage sophisticated rigs using the Assignments & Mapping overview Quickly assign hardware knobs, buttons, and faders to onscreen controls Instantly set up a large variety of hardware using automatic device recognition Use USB and MIDI-equipped controllers like keyboards, foot pedals, and drum pads Connect your favorite hardware and use it to play and control your plug-ins 64-bit architecture uses all the RAM in your system for larger sampled instruments Perform with stereo or multitrack backing tracks using Playback Design rich keyboard Patches using splits and layers, the Arpeggiator, and other MIDI plug-ins Switch between Patches without stopping sound output or cutting off held notes Combine instruments and live audio, such as keyboards and vocals, in a single Patch Support for the Touch Bar on MacBook Pro provides convenient controls for layout, editing, and performance Add your sounds from Logic Pro and GarageBand to bring your studio sound to the stage You should also turn local control off.- Perform live with 100 instrument, effect, and MIDI plug-ins or work with Audio Units plug-ins Press the button, then touch “Settings” on the left side of the touchscreen, then “MIDI I/O” in the adjacent column. In this setup guide, we will be using USB as the MIDI driver since it also will be the audio connection to and from the computer. It is very easy to set up MONTAGE to work with MainStage3. The version referred to in this document is 1.9.10 or above The Yamaha Steinberg USB driver: This is the robust and low-latency driver MONTAGE uses to send MIDI and multichannel audio.The version referred to in this document is 1.51 or above. MONTAGE Firmware: Make sure your MONTAGE has the latest firmware installed.You will need to make sure your MONTAGE and your computer both have the most up-to-date firmware and software components installed. MainStage3 is the version used in this guide. If you are new to Mainstage check out this article from our friends at. You will find over four hours of tutorial videos, tutorial articles and a vibrant forum to ask questions about MONTAGE at. You’ll feel it immediately… Next level stuff.”Ī solid understanding of MONTAGE is recommended in order to get the most from this guide. MONTAGE also features Pure Analog Circuit, a digital-to-analog conversion technology Phil “Bad Mister” Clendeninn accurately describes as “mind numbingly good to your ears. LCC Rivet Buster is technically equivalent and all its parts are 100% interchangable with well known model CP4181 Originally designed for removing rivets and other various metal applications, it is now also used for concrete demolition work since it has approximatelly the same hitting power as a 60lbs (30Kg) breaker for half its weight. The new ''V'' model replaces the traditional LCC 4181 model ''A'' by offering additional safety features such as a stepped piston design with a step cylinder and an additional piston buffer mechanism. The LCC 4181 busters offer one of the best power-to-weight ratio on the market, together with a teasing throttle for precise control. The new "V" series includes a stepped piston and step cylinder to prevent accidental ejection of the piston. It has a low frequency blow with hitting power equivalent to a paving breaker of twice its weight. LCC 4181 are originally designed for cutting and forming metal rivets, the LCC buster is now used for concrete demolition and has become one of the stars of the CP range. Simple removal of retainer and retainer parts converts tool to a riveter for using rivet sets.Equipped with retainer parts and spring.Can be used as a heavy-duty chipping hammer.Ideal for construction, ship building and heavy machinery.LCC 4689 - 60 is technically equivalent and all its Parts are also interchangeable with CP-60, 4689 series riveters. It can be converted easily to a rivet buster with retainer for using chisels. LCC 4689 - 60 (CP 4689 - 60)is a medium - duty riveting hammer are recommended for riveting work on tanks, steel cars and light structural steel. LCC 4689 - 60 is a type of permanent mechanical faster riveter of 4689 - series. Riveting Work On Tanks,Steel Cars,Light Structural Steel,Ideal For Construction,Ship Building Etc.Riveting Work On Tanks,Steel Cars,Light Structural Steel,Ideal For Construction,Ship Building Etc. ![]() Simple removal of retainer and retainer parts converts tool to a riveter for using rivet sets.Equipped with retainer parts and spring.Can be used as a heavy-duty chipping hammer.Ideal for construction, ship building and heavy machinery.LCC 4689 - 60 is technically equivalent and all its Parts are also interchangeable with CP-60, 4689 series riveters. ![]() Of course, via Adobe DNG Converter's Preferences window you can adjust the conversion settings to make sure they match your own needs. In addition, the Preferences area displays technical details about the DNG files that will be generated: the Camera Raw compatibility level (dictates if the file can be opened by specific Adobe Photoshop version), the JPEG preview size, if the image is compressed using the lossy technology, or if the original file is embedded. The conversion procedure is made simple by a compact and intuitive user interface However, you have to keep in mind that not all models are supported: you can access the Adobe website to view a complete list of supported devices.įinding your way around Adobe DNG Converter is fairly easy: in the main window you must specify the source folder for the raw camera content, the output destination, set up a renaming rule, and the output file extension (.dng or. The Adobe DNG Converter application is able to process raw content generated by some of the most popular cameras out there, from Casio, Nokia, Pentax, Ricoh, Samsung, Hasselblad, DJI, to Leica digital cameras. Offers support for a large collection of camera models ![]() Since the raw formats are not supported by most image editing solutions, using the DNG format is highly advisable, both for processing and archiving purposes.Īdobe DNG Converter is a multi-platform app designed to help you convert raw files to the DNG format, hence eliminating the problem of not having an open standard for all supported cameras models. Digital Negative (DNG) is a file format used to archive raw image formats created by various digital cameras. ![]() You will see I'm drawn to the square table leg base design - this is because it reads much more modern regardless of materials, but is also functional. They cover a range of price points and all seat at least 6. Here are my TOP 10! Keep in mind these are all modern, made-it-on-my-list-for-our-backyard options. This is great news for you, because as I've been shopping for outdoor furniture for our new ultra-modern backyard, I have seen every dining table on the internet. You can feel confident when you buy online from us as we pride ourselves on offering outdoor furniture of the highest quality and value.If you follow me on Instagram you know if I am shopping for anything HOME, I will need to view every option before I choose one. I will often get something in my head that I wish I could design myself and then spend weeks searching for just that thing (and in the meantime see everything else)! We’ve also delivered to South Island locations including Nelson, Picton, Christchurch, Dunedin, Queenstown and Wanaka. We’ve shipped our outdoor dining and bar sets all over NZ including Kerikeri, Whangarei, Tauranga, Hamilton, Rotorua, Whangamata, Napier, Taupo, Picton, Nelson, New Plymouth, and Wellington. We ship nationwide! Can’t visit our Auckland showroom? We have an established reputation as a curator of contemporary well made affordable outdoor furniture, and you will find our after-sales service level is exceptional.We would love you as our next customer! We add new products, fabrics and ranges every year, including our cantilever umbrellas and outdoor throw cushions. We have sold many hundreds of outdoor lounge and dining sets since that time. We are a family-owned New Zealand business, having established our Auckland outdoor furniture store in 2018. Browse our outdoor furniture selection today and visit us at our large Auckland showroom to experience it for yourself. Our low-maintenance aluminium furniture boasts durability without compromising style, so you’ll never have to worry about deterioration. ![]() Its light weight makes it easy to shift, yet provides rock-solid stability. Aluminium’s inherent corrosion resistance keeps your furniture looking beautiful for years. Designed to withstand salt air and harsh sun, our quality aluminium outdoor furniture is the perfect choice for the New Zealand climate. Stated simply, aluminium outdoor furniture is easy to maintain. Why aluminium outdoor tables and bar sets? ![]() Made with precision craftsmanship and durable, proven materials, our premium outdoor dining tables, bar tables and sets are built to withstand New Zealand weather while providing maximum comfort and style. You’ll find we are Auckland’s best value-for-money outdoor furniture store! The materials we use: With our outdoor furniture, you will enjoy the perfect balance between luxury and affordability. Whether you are looking for a, a durable yet stylish outdoor dining set, bar set or a quality cantilever umbrella to cover your dining area we have it in stock and available to view at our Auckland showroom. Loved by NZers seeking quality and design without the premium price tag. Looking for high-quality, affordable outdoor dining furniture made for the New Zealand climate? Visit our Auckland outdoor furniture store to browse our collection of New Zealand-designed outdoor dining and bar tables and sets of the highest quality at unmatched prices. Well-designed, well-made, well-priced outdoor dining and bar tables and sets Reminder that still today many people will claim carrots give you better vision (they are indeed healthy). vaccines and autism, started a negative sentiment towards vaccination and is directly attributed to the measles outbreaks (and deaths) across the developed world (Amplified by Oprah's platform). Reminder that the Wakefield fraud in 1998, on M.M.R. There is ample evidence since at least World War I, that both 'positive' PSA type information and 'negative' propaganda/counter information/psy ops absolutely have an effect. Culture evolves slowly, and humans even slower. > What's "naïve" is you or anyone else thinking they have the power to "nudge people into better patterns" He probably thought about it as Youtube-vs-Spotify, with Apple and other RSS clients being more of the same. I don't think Joe really understood that RSS is a Free (as in freedom) media, perhaps the last. Failed to find a way that doesn't sound like a paranoid eff rant. We the geeks have done a terrible job of defining and promoting digital freedom. No one tells you what to say, or controls who listens to what. Podcasts are/were one the the free digital medias. I doubt that what they spent is even theoretically justifiable as a self contained business proposition. Either way, it's not just "buying premium content." It's an attempt to seed a monopoly. ![]() Eventually enough momentum shifts, and all the other podcasters have to go where users go, spotify. They bought exclusivity to as many top podcasts as they could in order to start centralizing podcasting on their platform. ![]() Spotify is trying to be the one that owns it. No one "owned" podcasting, like itunes own streaming music and youtube own free-to-air TV. I don't understand at all why an enormous company like Spotify is so neglectful of the entire apple ecosystem. They also only recently added offline playback for Apple Watch and even then it's premium exclusive and requires manual downloading of eps. On a different note regarding the Rogan Deal, Spotify took ages to add video streaming support on Apple TV (main way I would catch Rogan) which basically caused me to quit casual watching. Most even very successful podcasts likely have low opex (some exceptions like NYT Daily) and don't benefit from a big pile of cash. These deals are just payouts for the hosts not investments that make the shows better. I don't think there is much of any argument that Spotify can improve that state for consumers by taking a podcast exclusive. Podcasts for the most part were in the ideal state for consumers, almost always free and mostly client independent distributed w/ RSS. Spotify won with music because it improved upon the existing state of listening to music and offered a free or cheap solution that was even a compelling alternative to piracy. It's been frustrating watching the Spotify (and general movement) with podcasts fragmenting and going exclusive. ![]() To book your return and generate your label, please click here Returns are simple and straightforward with Collect+ If you do not wish to use our collection service then any alternative return method will need to be arranged at your own cost.īefore sending your item back, please download and complete our returns form, completing all relevant sections and including this with your return - if your item is returned without the form included it can take significantly longer to correctly process the item and review the issue. If a bike needs to be returned due to an incorrect size being ordered, or the item is no longer wanted or ordered in error, then collection can be arranged at a cost of £40.00. ![]() Please contact us in advance if you wish to return a bike as Collect+ will not accept large items Once you have spoken to our aftersales department, you may need to return the item, you can arrange this via our returns service Collect+ (See below) or any alternative courier/delivery service that you choose.
– Jilly Pretzel Pin It takes one thought, one second, one moment or positive memory to act as a catalyst for the light to gradually seep in again. Pin It was an opportunity to honour our memories and to make room for new ones. Pin Make sure that your life is full of happy memories in the end. Pin Never forget those memories of your life that made you both cry and laugh. – Proverb Pin You don’t just take a picture with a camera, you take it with your heart. Pin The heart that truly loves never forgets. – Oscar Wilde Pin Memories play a very confusing role, they make us laugh when we remember the times we cried but make us cry when we remember the times we laughed! Pin Make memories in people’s hearts because your memories will be all that’s left of you when you’re gone. Pin Memory is the diary that we all carry about with us. Pin Live your life so when you’re dying, you are smiling, even if everyone else is crying. Pin Death leaves a heartache no one can heal, love leaves a memory no one can steal. Pin Memory is a way of holding on to the things you love, the things you are, the things you never want to lose. Pin A picture is worth a thousand words, but a memory is priceless. 19 Quotes About Unforgettable Memories (TOUCHING) Pin At some part of life or the other, we all become memories for others. – Rodman Philbrick Pin It’s the good memories that will last a lifetime. ![]() Memories are better than diamonds and nobody can steal them from you. – Haruki Murakami Pin The only real treasure is in your head. – Kazuo Ishiguro Pin Memories warm you up from the inside. The memories I value most, I don’t ever see them fading. – Kalidasa Pin Memories, even your most precious ones, fade surprisingly quickly. But today well lived makes every yesterday a dream of happiness, and every tomorrow a vision of hope. Armentrout Pin Yesterday is but a dream, tomorrow but a vision. – Becky Aligada Pin Memories, even bittersweet ones, are better than nothing. – Linda Fifer Ralph Pin Memories are the treasures that we keep locked deep within the storehouse of our souls, to keep our hearts warm when we are lonely. Regularly tend the pleasant blossoms and remove the invasive weeds. “In the end, all that really matters isn’t the things you did, but what its effects are today, not the knowledge you have learned, but how you applied it, not the words that were said, but how they made you feel, and most of all, not the moment of occurrence, but how its now just a part of our memory.” Pin Memories are like a garden. – Corrie Ten Boom Pin Memory is a way of holding onto the things you love, the things you are, the things you never want to lose. – Cesare Pavese Pin Memories are the key not to the past, but to the future. – Marcus Tullius Cicero Pin We do not remember days, we remember moments. Pin Memory is the treasury and guardian of all things. Top 14 Most Famous Quotes on Memories (BEST) Pin The best things in life are the people we love, the places we’ve been, and the memories we’ve made along the way. Pin Memories are timeless treasures of the heart. They make me smile no matter what is going in my present life. Pin Those sweet memories of my life spent with you are the best. Pin A moment lasts for seconds but the memories lasts forever. ![]() But you can capture them in your memories forever. ![]() Seuss Pin You may have lost things, persons in your life. Pin Sometimes you will never know the value of a moment until it becomes a memory. – Lois Lowry Pin I knew that looking back on the tears would make me laugh but I never knew that looking back on the laughs would bring tears. – Karl Lagerfeld Pin The worst part of holding the memories is not the pain. Memories are sweet, cherish it.” Pin What I like about photographs is that they capture a moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce. Top 9 Most-Favorited Memories Quotes of All Time These aren’t just words they’re reflections on the past, appreciations of the present, and inspirations for the future. Our collection of Memory Quotes is a heartfelt tribute to these personal treasures. That’s where memory quotes come in – they encapsulate the beauty, nostalgia, and lessons embedded in our memories. However, articulating the profound significance of these mental snapshots can often be challenging. They’re the echoes of our past, the whispers of our experiences, and the silent narrators of our life stories. They hold the power to transport us back to moments that have shaped our lives, evoking a spectrum of emotions and painting vivid pictures in our minds. ![]() The objective of the present study is to assess the effects of subacute ingestion of oolong tea and caffeine on energy metabolism and sleep. The effects of caffeine and tea should therefore be evaluated from two perspectives: their effects on energy metabolism and their effects on sleep. Since changes in energy metabolism was expected after caffeine/oolong tea consumption in the present study, the crosstalk between regulatory mechanisms of energy metabolism and sleep warrants our experimental design to assess energy metabolism and sleep at the same time. Furthermore, sleep and energy metabolism are closely linked through “multi-tasking” molecules such as orexin, NPY, leptin, insulin, serotonin, and IL6. The link between sleep and energy homeostasis is suggested by recent epidemiologic studies, the results of which point to insufficient sleep as a risk factor for future weight gain. Together, these findings warrant further investigation of the subacute and chronic effects of tea and caffeine consumption on energy metabolism.Ĭaffeine inhibits sleep by antagonizing adenosine receptors. ![]() ![]() Known as caffeine tolerance, the acute effect of caffeine to increase blood pressure and heart rate diminishes over 1–4 days when caffeine ingestion is continued. Importantly, in these previous studies on energy metabolism, caffeine and/or tea were ingested for only 1 or 3 days. Thus, unidentified ingredient(s) of tea other than caffeine affects energy metabolism, particularly fat oxidation. Another study found that 3 days of oolong tea ingestion increased the accumulated energy expenditure and fat oxidation over 24 h, whereas caffeine alone did not significantly increase 24-h fat oxidation. Ingestion of green tea extract increases 24-h energy expenditure and decreases the 24-h respiratory quotient (RQ). The effect of caffeine ingestion on accumulated fat oxidation over 24 h, however, was not examined in any of these four studies. Many studies report that accumulated energy expenditure over 24 h is increased by caffeine ingestion, although one study found no effect. The effects of tea on energy metabolism have been assessed in parallel with the effects of caffeine. In the course of oxidation catalyzed by endogenous enzymes, catechins are transformed to polymerized polyphenols, and caffeine is slightly decomposed, alterations that might yield benefits and/or risks on diverse physiologic functions. The various types of tea produced from a single plant species, Camellia sinensis, are distinguished by the processing technique: unoxidized tea as green tea, half-oxidized tea as oolong tea, and fully oxidized tea as black tea. The effects of subacute ingestion of caffeine and oolong tea differed from the acute effects, which is a particularly important consideration regarding habitual tea consumption. Two weeks of caffeine or oolong tea ingestion increased fat oxidation without interfering with sleep. These findings suggest a role of unidentified ingredients in oolong tea to stimulate fat oxidation, and this effect is partially suppressed in a postprandial state. The effect of oolong tea on fat oxidation was salient in the post-absorptive state. The decrease in the respiratory quotient by oolong tea was greater than that by caffeine during sleep. Caffeine and oolong tea increased fat oxidation by ~20% without affecting energy expenditure over 24-h. On day 14 of each session, 24-h indirect calorimetry and polysomnographic sleep recording were performed. During each 14-day session of the present study, 12 non-obese males consumed oolong tea (100 mg caffeine, 21.4 mg gallic acid, 97 mg catechins and 125 mg polymerized polyphenol), caffeine (100 mg), or placebo at breakfast and lunch. The acute effects of caffeine, such as increased heart rate and interference with sleep, diminish over 1–4 days, known as caffeine tolerance. Ingesting oolong tea or caffeine acutely increases energy expenditure, and oolong tea, but not caffeine, stimulates fat oxidation. |
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